Oklahoma State Assessment Test (OSAT) Early Childhood Education Practice Test

What is a key focus during the second stage of development defined by Erikson?

1. Building trust with caregivers

2. Encouraging safe independence

3. Exploring peer relationships

4. Fostering a sense of belonging

The correct answer is: Encouraging safe independence

In Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the second stage is known as "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt," which occurs roughly between the ages of 1 and 3 years. During this stage, children begin to assert their independence and autonomy. Caregivers play a crucial role by providing a supportive environment that encourages children to explore their capabilities while also setting appropriate limits. By focusing on encouraging safe independence, caregivers allow children to make choices and develop confidence in their abilities. This promotes a sense of mastery and self-control, which is essential for healthy development. If this sense of independence is stifled, children may feel doubt about their abilities and experience shame or frustration. This conceptual framework clarifies why the other options do not align with the specific focus of this stage. Building trust with caregivers is primarily associated with the first stage, while exploring peer relationships is characteristic of later stages where social interactions become more prominent. Fostering a sense of belonging is also more relevant to later developmental phases, where community ties and relationships with peers take precedence. Thus, the key focus during this second stage is indeed on encouraging safe independence.